\u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nHer \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n
1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer’iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz’\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; “\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder.”( Kur’an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: “Allah’\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur’an, Isr\u00e5 33.), “Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur’an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur’an, M\u00e2ide 2), “Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir.”( Kur’an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n
\n- b) Vaz’i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz’i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1) M\u00fcsebbebler:<\/p>\n
Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: “Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin… ‘(Kur’an, Maide 38), “Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun…”(Kur’an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2) \u015eartlar:<\/p>\n
Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: “Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir.”( Kur’an, Nur 13) gibi.<\/p>\n
Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber’in “D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'”( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n
3) M\u00e2niler:<\/p>\n
Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)’\u0131n “As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.”(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)’\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc’l-Fikh, s.74).<\/p>\n
Teklifi ve vaz’i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:<\/p>\n
Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz’\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.<\/p>\n
2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz’\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.<\/p>\n
Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz’\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. “Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin…\u201d( Kur’an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz’\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz’\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz. Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":15097,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[251],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n
SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; "\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder."( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: "Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), "Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), "Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir."( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: "Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), "Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: "Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir."( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in "D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n "As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. "Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; "\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder."( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: "Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), "Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), "Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir."( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: "Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), "Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: "Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir."( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in "D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n "As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. "Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ebrar Medya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ebrarmedyacom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ZAFER-G\u00dcVEN.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"730\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"360\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Zafer G\u00dcVEN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ebrarmedyacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ebrarmedyacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Zafer G\u00dcVEN\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Zafer G\u00dcVEN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5a53b218dd86d97f12db00b5e1bcc3ce\"},\"headline\":\"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\"},\"wordCount\":1174,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"MAKALELER\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\",\"name\":\"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00\",\"description\":\"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; \\\"\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder.\\\"( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: \\\"Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), \\\"Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), \\\"Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir.\\\"( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: \\\"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), \\\"Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: \\\"Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir.\\\"( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in \\\"D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'\\\"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n \\\"As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. \\\"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ana sayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/\",\"name\":\"Ebrar Medya\",\"description\":\"Tarafs\u0131z De\u011fil, Hakk'tan Taraf\u0131z\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ebrar Medya\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/logo-ebm-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/logo-ebm-2.png\",\"width\":244,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"Ebrar Medya\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ebrarmedyacom\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ebrarmedyacom\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ebrarmedyacom\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/ebrar-medya-343157188\/\",\"https:\/\/tr.pinterest.com\/ebrarmedya\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5a53b218dd86d97f12db00b5e1bcc3ce\",\"name\":\"Zafer G\u00dcVEN\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc80007e5f5368f7cad7757750f1b690?s=96&d=wavatar&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc80007e5f5368f7cad7757750f1b690?s=96&d=wavatar&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Zafer G\u00dcVEN\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/author\/zaferguven\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya","description":"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; \"\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder.\"( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: \"Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), \"Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), \"Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir.\"( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), \"Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: \"Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir.\"( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in \"D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'\"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n \"As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya","og_description":"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; \"\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder.\"( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: \"Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), \"Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), \"Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir.\"( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), \"Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: \"Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir.\"( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in \"D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'\"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n \"As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/","og_site_name":"Ebrar Medya","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ebrarmedyacom\/","article_published_time":"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00","og_image":[{"width":730,"height":360,"url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ZAFER-G\u00dcVEN.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Zafer G\u00dcVEN","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ebrarmedyacom","twitter_site":"@ebrarmedyacom","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Zafer G\u00dcVEN","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"6 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/"},"author":{"name":"Zafer G\u00dcVEN","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5a53b218dd86d97f12db00b5e1bcc3ce"},"headline":"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU","datePublished":"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/"},"wordCount":1174,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization"},"articleSection":["MAKALELER"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/","url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/","name":"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU Nedir? • Ebrar Medya","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-04T12:28:47+00:00","description":"B\u0130SM\u0130LLAH\u0130RRAHMAN\u0130RRAH\u0130M \u0130slam hukuku, bir fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu fiili yasaklayan ve i\u015flenmesinde ceza veren bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli buluyor. Buna bug\u00fcn su\u00e7un kanuni unsuru diyoruz.Her \u015fahs\u0131n, her yerde her zaman sad\u0131r olan fiilinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, fiili yasaklayan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1- fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi zamanda o kural\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmas\u0131, 2- fiilin i\u015flenildi\u011fi yerde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve 3- fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlardan birisi bulunmazsa yasaklanm\u0131\u015f fiilin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee unsurundan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mevzular\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131incelemek gerekir. Biz bunlar\u0131n her birini ayr\u0131 fas\u0131llarda ele alaca\u011f\u0131z:1) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar i\u00e7in tespit edilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmler. 2) Zaman itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (mer'iyyeti). 3) Yer itibar\u0131yla cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi. 4) \u015eah\u0131slara uygulanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler(Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, c.1\/337-341 e bak\u0131n\u0131z (m).).SU\u00c7LAR VE CEZALARLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 TESB\u0130T ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e H\u00dcK\u00dcMLERCEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130, SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u00ce H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130NDEN BAHSETMEK A\u015eA\u011eIDAK\u0130 KONULARIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130N\u0130 GEREKT\u0130R\u0130R:1) H\u00fck\u00fcmler ve bunlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00fczerindeki etkisi, 11) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fcn delilleri (ceza hukukunun kaynaklar\u0131), m) Cez\u00e2\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tefsiri (yorumu) IV) H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin te\u00e2ruzu (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iptali, v) \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkisi (mukayesesi) Bu konulardan her biri \u00f6zel bahislerinde incelenecektir.CEZA HUKUKU H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130N\u0130N SU\u00c7 VE CEZAYA TES\u0130RLER\u0130G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Fakihler dini h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rlar: 1) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ) Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler. a) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir fiili yapmak veya terketmekte, ya da yapmak veya yapmamakta m\u00fckellefi serbest b\u0131rakan h\u00fck\u00fcmler(el-Ihkam, c.1\/181. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/65. Abdulvehhab Hallaf, Us\u00f6lu Fikih, s.74. Kuveyt, 1966). \u0130\u015fte bu nevi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler denilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fckellefe bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredilmekte, gerekli k\u0131l\u0131nmakta, mesela; \"\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Allah size emanetleri ehil ve erbab\u0131na vermenizi, insanlar aras\u0131nda h\u00fckmetti\u011finizde adaletle h\u00fckmeylemenizi emreder.\"( Kur'an, Nisa 4\/58 ) gibi. Veya bir fiilin terkini, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar: \"Allah'\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cana, hakl\u0131 bir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131ymay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33.), \"Zinaya yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 32. Yani zinay\u0131 irtikab etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, gerek ona niyet etmek gerek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilecek sebeplere yap\u0131\u015fmak suretiyle de yakla\u015fmay\u0131n.) gibi yasaklar k\u0131lar, onu bu iki \u015fiktan birisinde muhayyer b\u0131rak\u0131r, mesel\u00e2 \u201c\u0130hramdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda isterseniz avlan\u0131n\u0131z.'(Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 2), \"Kim mazlum olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Biz onun velisine, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, makt\u00fbl\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep hususunda bir selahiyet vermi\u015fizdir.\"( Kur'an, Isr\u00e5 33) gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmler b\u00f6yledir.b) Vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler:Bir \u015feyi di\u011fer bir \u015feyin sebebi, \u015fart\u0131 veya m\u00e2nisi yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmler de vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fagidaki hususlar gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.1) M\u00fcsebbebler:Neticeler i\u00e7in sebepler koymak: \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin... '(Kur'an, Maide 38), \"Zina eden kad\u0131nla zin\u00e2 eden erkekten herbirine y\u00fcz de\u011fnek vurun...''(Kur'an, Nur) gibi. Birinci h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesine; ikinci h\u00fck\u00fcm ise zin\u00e2y\u0131, zin\u00e2k\u00e2ra de\u011fnek vurulmas\u0131na bir sebep k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2) \u015eartlar:Yahut bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u015feyler kendileri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n konulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir: \"Buna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getirmeli de\u011fil miydiler? Madem ki, onlar bu \u015fahitleri getiremediler, o halde onlar Allah indinde yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n ta kendileridir.\"( Kur'an, Nur 13) gibi.Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm zina c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fcn ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fahidin \u015fart oldu\u011funu gerektiriyor. Hz. Peygamber'in \"D\u00f6rtte bir dinardan daha az malda (h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131) el kesmek yoktur.'\"( Muslim, hudud 2,5. Nesei, sar\u0131k 10. \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, hudud 22) hadisi gibi. H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131nan sevin k\u0131ymetinin d\u00f6rtte bir dinar veya daha fazla olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde ko\u015fulmu\u015f oluyor.3) M\u00e2niler:Yahut h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi engelleyen m\u00e2niler konulur: Hz. Peygamber (as)'\u0131n \"As\u0131l\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvenin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda el kesme yoktur.''(Neses, sarik 11. Muvatta, hudud) hadisi gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm meyvelerin, mahsullerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 yani toplanmam\u0131\u015f, hasad edilmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 el kesmeye m\u00e2ni k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve yine Rasulullah (as)'\u0131n \u201cM\u00fbrisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren k\u00e2tile miras yoktur.\u201d( Ibn Mace, diyet 14.) hadisi de b\u00f6yledir ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de varisin irtik\u00e2p etti\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme c\u00fcrm\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7lunun kendisi mirastan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(el-ihkam, c.1\/81. el-Mustasf\u00e2, c.1\/93. Us\u00fbl\u00fc'l-Fikh, s.74).Teklifi ve vaz'i h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131ndaki fark iki bak\u0131mdan kendisini g\u00f6sterir:Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle bir fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin muhayyerli\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmden maksat ise, emir, yasak veya muhayyerlik de\u011fil, bir fiilin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini tesbittir.2) Teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit bir husus daima m\u00fckellefin kudretiyle m\u00fctenasiptir, do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; istedi\u011fi zaman yapabilir veya terkedebilir. Fakat vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmle sabit hususlar, m\u00fckellefin kudreti dahilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, olmayabilir de.Burada hemen \u015funu belirtmeliyiz ki, bir nas (h\u00fck\u00fcm) ayn\u0131 anda teklifi ve vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc birlikte ihtiva edebilir. \"Erkek h\u0131rs\u0131zla kad\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n ellerini kesin...\u201d( Kur'an, M\u00e2ide 38) \u00e2yetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmamay\u0131 isteyen teklifi h\u00fckm\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n elinin kesilmesinde, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebep k\u0131lan vaz'\u00ee h\u00fckm\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.Su\u00e7la ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni, fiilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, m\u00fckelleften isteyen tekl\u00eef\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Ki\u015filerin muhayyerli\u011fini g\u00f6steren teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ne terkine ne de yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ceza terett\u00fcp eder; tercihe de\u011fer fikre g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 veya terkleri su\u00e7 say\u0131lmaz.Ceza ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bizi ilgilendireni ise vaz'\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir. Sebep \u015fart yahut m\u00e2ni olsun ayn\u0131 derecededirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcm cezay\u0131, cezan\u0131n sebeplerini, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00e2nilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/sucun-kanuni-unsuru\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ana sayfa","item":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"SU\u00c7UN KANUN\u0130 UNSURU"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/","name":"Ebrar Medya","description":"Tarafs\u0131z De\u011fil, Hakk'tan Taraf\u0131z","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#organization","name":"Ebrar Medya","url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/logo-ebm-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/logo-ebm-2.png","width":244,"height":90,"caption":"Ebrar Medya"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ebrarmedyacom\/","https:\/\/twitter.com\/ebrarmedyacom","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ebrarmedyacom","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/ebrar-medya-343157188\/","https:\/\/tr.pinterest.com\/ebrarmedya\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5a53b218dd86d97f12db00b5e1bcc3ce","name":"Zafer G\u00dcVEN","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc80007e5f5368f7cad7757750f1b690?s=96&d=wavatar&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc80007e5f5368f7cad7757750f1b690?s=96&d=wavatar&r=g","caption":"Zafer G\u00dcVEN"},"url":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/author\/zaferguven\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15099"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15099"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15100,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15099\/revisions\/15100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebrarmedya.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}